The invention discloses a scraper frictional resistance test device and method capable of simulating coal conveying work conditions. A crane motor group hoists a coal dropping bin to simulate the coal dropping work condition of a scraper conveyer, a jack cooperates with a rotating shaft and a self-locking guide rod to simulate the inclination work condition of the scraper conveyer, a synchronous jack jacks a sprocket support to provide adjustable tension, a rotating speed torque sensor mounted in a driving system can measure the work parameter and the total operation resistance of a sprocket, a split type middle groove structure can measure pressure and friction force received during work by the aid of mounted 3D force sensors, and an embedded wireless stress sensor in a scraper can measure the pressure and friction force received by the scraper. The test device can simulate the actual work condition of the scraper conveyer and measure friction resistance of all parts, obtained data can be used for estimation of the operation resistance of the scraper conveyer, and a test basis can be provided for tribological research and friction reduction design of the scraper.