The invention discloses a flexible laying structure and a construction method suitable for a steel bridge deck at a damp and hot high-temperature region. The flexible laying structure comprises a waterproof adhesive layer arranged on a bridge deck plate, wherein a laying lower surface layer is arranged on the waterproof adhesive layer; a laying upper surface layer is arranged on the laying lower surface layer; the laying lower surface layer and the laying upper surface layer are bonded through an interlayer adhesive layer; the laying lower surface layer adopts high-temperature resistance casting type asphalt concrete, so that the void percentage is low, the cohesive performance is good, protective effect to the steel bridge deck is achieved, good compliance of the laying lower surface layer and the steel bridge deck plate can be kept, and the fatigue resistance is good; the laying upper surface layer adopts a thin-layer epoxy asphalt concrete, and has the characteristics of being high in strength, good in toughness, high in fatigue resistance, high in cohesive performance, and good in high-temperature stability, so that the laying form of the flexible laying structure disclosed by the invention can be widely used in the damp and hot high-temperature region in south, and has good high-temperature resistance, good crack resistance, good durability, good compliance, and good waterproofness.