The invention discloses a variable-wall-thickness composite anti-explosion structure, and belongs to the field of explosion prevention for social public security. The variable-wall-thickness composite anti-explosion structure is a rotating body internally provided with a cavity and comprises a liquid layer, an aerogel layer and a fiber layer from inside to outside. Liquid enters a rubber bag from a liquid inlet valve at the upper end. The liquid layer becomes thinner gradually from bottom to top and contracts inwards continuously, and zero to two folding points which protrude inwards exist on the generatrix of the liquid layer. The aerogel layer is as high as the fiber layer and is lower than the liquid layer. The fiber layer is made of a hybrid fiber composite material of aramid fiber woven fabric/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber non-woven fabric, and the lower end of the fiber layer winds across the bottom of the liquid layer. The variable-wall-thickness composite anti-explosion structure is excellent, novel, low in self weight and low in cost; an anti-explosion device manufactured based on the structure is reliable in anti-explosion effect, can obviously reduce the killing effect of explosive shock waves, fragments and detonation products of explosives, and can isolate and then rapidly, properly and safely dispose (neutralize or destroy) unknown explosives found in certain people gathering areas such as subway stations, stations, great markets, shopping malls and supermarkets, and thus problems existing when explosives are reliably disposed currently are solved.