The invention relates to a robot quick change device and a tail end mechanism. The two sides of the robot quick change device are connected with a robot end and a tool end correspondingly. The robot quick change device comprises a linear hydraulic cylinder, a supporting piece, a push wheel, a tool base and slide pieces. The linear hydraulic cylinder is fixed to the robot end. A slide cavity is formed in the supporting piece, and holes through which the interior and the exterior of the slide cavity communicate are formed in the side wall of the slide cavity. The push wheel is arranged in the slide cavity and is coaxially connected with the telescopic end of the linear hydraulic cylinder. One end of the tool base is fixed to the tool end, and the other end of the tool base is arranged on the supporting piece in a sleeving manner. A protruding edge is arranged on the inner side wall of the tool base. The slide pieces are clamped and embedded in the first holes. One end of each slide piece abuts against the side wall of the push wheel, and the other end of each slide piece extends out from the outer side of the corresponding first hole and abuts against the inner side wall of the tool base on the front side of the protruding edge. The robot quick change device is used for connection of the robot end and the tool end and is simple and reasonable in structure and safe and convenient to use.