The invention discloses a steel rail locking device and a steel rail transport vehicle. The steel rail locking device comprises at least one locking beam assembly and at least one locking clamp. The locking beam assemblies are fixed to the steel rail transport vehicle and comprise locking beams. Fixing holes are formed in the locking beams. The locking clamps are provided with fixing ends, clamping parts and locking ends. The locking ends are fixed in the fixing holes. The clamping parts are connected between the fixing ends and the locking ends and provided with clamping faces matched with steel rails in shape. The fixing ends are used for locking the steel rails after the steel rails are clamped by the clamping parts. The steel rail locking device has the first exclusive beneficial effect that the stability of the steel rails on the steel rail transport vehicle is guaranteed, specifically, the steel rails on the steel rail transport vehicle can be locked and unlocked singly, and the stability of locking of the other steel rails on the steel rail transport vehicle is not affected.