The invention discloses a thermosensitive negative lithographic printing plate precursor. The thermosensitive negative lithographic printing plate precursor comprises a substrate and an imaging coating; the surface of the substrate is provided with a hydrophillic layer containing phosphate/fluoride, wherein the hydrophillic layer is prepared from, by mass, 90-99.9 parts of phosphate and 0.1-10 parts of fluoride; the imaging coating is applied to the surface of the hydrophillic layer of the substrate, wherein the imaging coating is prepared from, by mass, 20-60 parts of a compound capable of achieving free radical polymerization, 0.5-12 parts of a radiation-absorptive compound, 1-25 parts of a free radical initiator, 10-70 parts of a bonding agent and 0.5-15 parts of a development accelerator. The invention further discloses a plate making method of the thermosensitive negative lithographic printing plate precursor. The plate making method comprises the following steps that (1), the printing plate precursor is exposed through a laser according to a needed image, and then an exposed area and an unexposed area are formed; and (2), the unexposed area of the exposed printing plate precursor is removed through a development procedure. By adopting the printing plate precursor and the plate making method thereof, the flexible development procedure of on-machine development or off-machine development can be achieved, and the made printing plate has the excellent printing performance.