The present invention discloses an overhead transmission line ground wire whole-course automatic moving mechanism, a patrol inspection robot and a method. The overhead transmission line ground wire whole-course automatic moving mechanism of the present invention is characterized by comprising a plurality of parallelly distributed driving arms, wherein each driving arm comprises a supporting rack,a driving wheel, a driven wheel and a rotating joint, the driving wheel and the driven wheel are arranged on the supporting rack, and the bottom of the supporting rack is arranged on the rotating joint to rotate along with the rotating joint; a locking device used for clamping or releasing the rotating joint is arranged at the outer edge of the rotating joint, by using the locking device to clampor release the rotating joint, the supporting rack drives the driving wheel and the driven wheel to adapt to the curvature transformation of a rail, so that the driving wheel and the driven wheel always move and operate along a ground wire. According to the present invention, the adaption capability of the robot and the safety are improved, a method of passing the obstacles is simple and effective, and the robot does not need to cross any obstacle.