The invention discloses a detection system and a detection method for a concrete beam reinforced steel plate stripping. By arranging intelligent aggregate used as a piezoelectric ceramic actuator inside a concrete beam to be detected, and pasting a piezoelectric ceramic piece used as a piezoelectric ceramic sensor on an outer side of a reinforced steel plate at a corresponding position of the intelligent aggregate, the piezoelectric ceramic actuator is driven by external application of an excitation signal, a receiving signal of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor is recorded simultaneously, stripping between the reinforced steel plate and concrete is likely to bring changes to the receiving signal, and internal conditions of the concrete beam to be detected are obtained by comparing a peak signal with an initial value of a transmitting signal of a signal function generator. The detection system and the detection method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of sensitive sensing, safety and reliability, and wide measuring range; meanwhile, horizontal and vertical bidirectional excitation and a signal acquisition function are achieved, and active monitoring of stripping conditions of the reinforced steel plate is achieved, thereby achieving life-long health monitoring in a true sense.