The invention relates to a miniature polarization spectrum imaging detection system and method. The miniature polarization spectrum imaging detection system comprises a front optical system, a large-surface array detector assembly, a pixelate polarization membrane and a linear gradual filter, and the front optical system, the large-surface array detector assembly, the pixelate polarization membrane and the linear gradual filter are used for achieving polarization information acquiring and narrow-band filtering of light beams respectively; the linear gradual filter is integrated in front of a photosensitive surface of the large-surface array detector assembly, and the pixelate polarization membrane is integrated on the linear gradual filter; or the pixelate polarization membrane is integrated in front of the photosensitive surface of the large-surface array detector assembly, and the linear gradual filter is integrated on the pixelate polarization membrane; target reflected light passesthe front optical system, then passes the pixelate polarization membrane and the linear gradual filter, and afterwards forms a target image on the large-surface array detector assembly. The weight and the size of the detection system are greatly reduced, and the miniature polarization spectrum imaging detection system is similar to a common camera in which two membrane sheets are added, the weight and the size of the system are almost equal to those of the common camera, and the structural complexity of an optical-mechanical system is far lower than that of a polarization spectrum imaging device based on the scheme in the prior art, which is beneficial to miniaturization of the system.