The invention discloses storage-box test article and test method applicable to a cold shock test of a heat insulation structure. The test article comprises a storage box and the heat insulation structure, wherein the storage box comprises a storage box bottom, a storage box barrel section, upper and lower forked rings, a flange and a storage-box short shell; a space encircled by the storage box bottom, the forked rings and the storage box barrel section is used for storing a propellant; the heat insulation structure is clad on the outer side of the storage box through a spray-coating or sticking manner, and is used for inhibiting the heat interchange between the propellant and an external environment; the forked rings are connected with the storage box bottom and the storage box barrel section; the storage-box short shell is connected with the forked rings, and is used for supporting and transferring force; the flange is located at the box bottom and is used for filling and effusing ofa liquid propellant and exhausting of a gaseous propellant.