The invention discloses a high-speed Fourier stacking imaging device based on annular illumination and a reconstruction method. The device adopts an annular LED board as an illumination light source.The illumination numerical aperture of each LED on the ring is equal to the numerical aperture of an objective lens. Iterative reconstruction is realized through LED unit brightness calibration, LED location calibration and correction, original image acquisition, original image preprocessing and high resolution image initialization in order. According to the invention, the illumination angle of each LED on the ring is inscribed with the numerical aperture of the objective lens, so that a phase transfer function completely covers all low frequency parts of the phase spectrum; simply by taking asmall amount of low-resolution pictures of the bright field, the large-visual-field high-resolution phase distribution of an object can be stably and accurately reconstructed; and the device is suitable for label-free high-speed quantitative phase microscopy imaging of living cells.