The invention relates to an asphalt mixture Marshall compaction instrument capable of controlling compaction temperature and an experiment method. The asphalt mixture Marshall compaction instrument comprises a compaction head, test molds, a compaction hammer, a temperature control box, a motor, a heater and a slotting tool, wherein a connecting rod is welded at the upper side of the compaction head; the upper side of the connecting rod is welded with a bearing plate; the test molds are placed at the lower side of the compaction head; a safety operation rod is welded at the upper side of the bearing plate; the upper side of the safety operation rod is connected with the compaction hammer; a guide rod is welded at the upper side of the compaction hammer. Through the arrangement of the temperature control box and a temperature controller, the Marshall test piece formation temperature is ensured; the Marshall test piece formation quality is improved; three test pieces are simultaneously manufactured through once compaction experiment; the dispersion degree of each group of Marshall test pieces is reduced; further, the Marshall test result reliability is ensured; through the arrangementof three groups of test molds and corresponding positioning devices, the Marshall test piece formation efficiency is effectively improved.