The invention discloses a high-temperature circulating type carbon dioxide removal method based on a rotary fixed bed. According to the method disclosed by the invention, a fixed bed rotor which is filled with a calcium-based absorbent rotates to a high-temperature flue gas side passage; the CO2 in the flue gas is removed by calcium-based absorbent fillers and CaCO3 is formed; the flue gas is exhausted after the CO2 is removed; CaO is transformed into the CaCO3 by virtue of a carbonation reaction; the fixed bed rotor still takes the fillers which are transformed into the CaCO3 and rotates to afuel gas side passage; fuel gas and pure oxygen are fed to the region to be combusted to emit heat in order to supply heat for decomposition of the CaCO3; high-concentration CO2 is released; subsequently the CO2 is discharged from the reaction region and is hermetically stored or is used for other purposes; the CaCO3 is decomposed and regenerated as CaO; after the internal fillers are regenerated, the fixed bed rotor rotates again to a flue gas side to capture and separate the CO2 in the flue gas; and the rotor and the absorbent fillers filled in the rotor are used for periodically implementing circulating removal and centralization of the CO2 in the flue gas via the flue gas side and the fuel gas side.