The invention relates to the technical field of a multi-parameter distributed measuring system, and specifically relates to a multi-parameter distributed measuring system based on an asymmetric double-core optical fiber. The system comprises a broadband light source, a pulse modulator, a first coupler, a double-core optical fiber coupler, a double-core optical fiber, a first circulator, a second circulator, a second coupler, an optical fiber delay line, a first notch filter, a second notch filter, a first photodiode, a second photodiode, a third photodiode, an information acquisition unit anda computer. According to the system, temperature and strain solution matrixes are established by employing Rayleigh scattering signals of double cores through characteristics of different sensitive coefficients of a shaft core and a surface core of the asymmetric double-core optical fiber for the temperature and the strain; and space segmentation positioning is performed on Rayleigh scattering ina full-fiber range by employing a weak grating array so that the spatial resolution and the measuring precision of a sensing system are improved, and simultaneous and accurate measurement of the temperature and the strain and accurate positioning thereof in an interval can be realized.