The invention provides a portable unmanned investigation machine measurement and control data transmission system which comprises an airborne device and a ground terminal, wherein the airborne devicecomprises at least one unmanned aerial vehicle; each unmanned aerial vehicle comprises an airborne fully-loaded single machine, an airborne flight control single machine, an airborne measurement and control single machine and an airborne antenna feed single machine; the airborne measurement and control single machine receives a remote control radio frequency signal sent by the ground terminal through an airborne antenna of the airborne antenna feed single machine; after despreading and demodulation are carried out, remote control command interaction is completed through an airborne data bus, the airborne fully-loaded single machine, the airborne flight control single machine and the airborne antenna feed single machine; meanwhile, the airborne measurement and control single machine finishes acquisition of telemeasuring data and load data through the airborne data bus; after being spliced and modulated with spectrum spread, the data are transmitted to the ground terminal through the airborne antenna of the airborne antenna feed single machine; and the airborne measurement and control single machine is calibrated according to auxiliary input of the ground terminal. According to the system and the method in the invention, only a microwave network, a power amplifier and an antenna are needed to be added on the basis of an information machine so as to achieve a complex measurement and control and data transmission system.