The invention discloses a visible light communication system and method applied to data transmission in a spacecraft cabin. The system includes a transmission matcher, an optical radiation module, anin-cabin transmission channel, an optical receiving module and a reception matcher. The transmission matcher carries out protocol conversion and level matching processing on an input electrical signalto obtain an output signal. The optical radiation module transmits a visible light intensity signal according to the output signal of the transmission matcher. The in-cabin transmission channel transmits the visible light intensity signal to the optical receiving module. The optical receiving module filters stray light of the visible light intensity signal and then carries out photoelectric conversion to obtain an electrical signal, and amplifies and filters the electrical signal and transmits the signal to the reception matcher. The reception matcher carries out protocol conversion and levelmatching processing on the electrical signal which is subjected to amplification and filtering process and inputs the signals into a spacecraft device. According to the system and the method, the load capacity of the spacecraft is effectively improved without being limited by the spectrum specification, electromagnetic interference and personnel safety problems.