The invention discloses a surface polishing and grinding process and equipment used for a long rod part with a specially-shaped section. The equipment comprises a belt grinder, a travelling mechanismand a clamping mechanism with a turnover function, wherein the travelling mechanism comprises a slide rail and a slide base mounted on the slide rail; the slide base is driven by a linear motion drivedevice to move back and forth along the slide rail; the belt grinder is fixedly mounted on the slide base; a belt grinder contact wheel presses an abrasive belt to a to-be-polished and to-be-grindedsurface or edge of a workpiece for polishing and grinding the to-be-polished and to-be-grinded surface or edge of the workpiece; a supporting mechanism is arranged between a drive rotary mechanism anda driven rotary mechanism; the workpiece is firstly placed onto the clamping mechanism, and the travelling mechanism drives the belt grinder to move back and forth for polishing and grinding the workpiece; after one surface is polished and grinded, turnover can be performed through a turnover mechanism; and after polishing and grinding are completed, the clamping mechanism is loosened and the supporting mechanism is withdrawn, so that the workpiece can be taken out. The surface polishing and grinding equipment is consistent in polishing and grinding effect of each part of the workpiece, is good in polishing and grinding quality of the workpiece, is stable in performance, and can be suitable for various long rod parts with specially-shaped sections.