The invention relates to an adaptive suppression device and method for vortex-induced vibration of a riser. The adaptive suppression device is characterized by comprising a separation disc with a tailfin, two vibration pipe columns symmetrically arranged on two sides of the tail fin of the separation disc as well as two variable rigidity and variable damping systems and two energy feedback control systems, wherein the two variable rigidity and variable damping systems and the two energy feedback control systems are symmetrically arranged between the tail fin of the separation disc and the twovibration pipe columns. With adoption of the separation disc and the additional vibration pipe columns, the additional vibration pipe columns can directly disturb forming and falling processes of vortexes behind the riser, and the suppression effect on vortex-induced vibration is better; meanwhile, the energy feedback control systems are arranged, and self-energy supply and real-time control canbe realized. The adaptive suppression device is simple in structure, high in reliability and adaptability, simple to assemble and capable of being widely applied to various offshore oil and gas drilling operation.