the invention discloses a novel reactor control rod and rod pair. The novel reactor control rod and rod pair comprises an outer-layer rod body and an inner-layer rod body capable of sliding relative to the outer-layer rod body; the outer-layer rod body is vertically through and is composed of neutron absorbers A and non-neutron absorbers B in the axial direction of the outer-layer rod body, wherein the total number of the neutron absorbers A and the non-neutron absorbers B is 2n, and the neutron absorbers A and the non-neutron absorbers B are equal in length and are arranged in a staggered mode; the inner-layer rod body is composed of neutron absorbers C and neutron absorbers D in the axial direction of the inner-layer rod body, wherein the total number of the neutron absorbers C and the neutron absorbers D is 2n+1, and the neutron absorbers C and the neutron absorbers D are equal in length and are arranged in a staggered mode; the mass distribution of the neutron absorbers A of the outer-layer rod body is non-uniform distribution; the mass distribution of the neutron absorbers C of the inner-layer rod body is non-uniform distribution, according to the specific mass distribution design, after the rod pair is inserted into a reactor, the distorted peak of the axial power of a reactor core can be decomposed and flattened, and the decoupling control over the power level and the axial power deviation of he reactor core can be realized. Compared with a traditional uniform control rod of which the complex rod lifting and inserting procedures are needed for the decoupling controlover the power level and the axial power deviation of the reactor core, the novel reactor control rod and rod pair have the advantages of being simpler, more convenient to use and efficient and has higher application value on the control over the nuclear power reactor.