The invention provides a method for distributing and retrieving data on a blockchain network with peer-to-peer nodes. The method comprises the following steps: encrypting a file containing the data with a private key; dividing the encrypted file into encrypted blocks, and dividing the private key into private shares; distributing the blocks and the private shares to the peer-to-peer nodes; accessing the file according to the request of a client, retrieving the encrypted blocks through a peer-to-peer node to reconstruct the encrypted file, retrieving at least some private shares for reconstructing the private key, and decrypting the encrypted file with the reconstructed private key; sharing, by the peer-to-peer nodes, the blockchain to form the blockchain network; and sending the private shares to the peer-to-peer nodes through a message sent on the blockchain network, and requesting and retrieving the private shares through the message sent on the blockchain network.