The invention provides a concrete repairation and protection method and a concrete repairation and protection structure based on asphalt materials. The method includes the following steps of (1) polishing damaged or pulverized portions of concrete surface until undamaged concrete is exposed; (2) evenly spraying or smearing modified emulsified asphalt emulsions onto the concrete surface according to the consumption of 0.2-0.6kg/m<2> to form a concrete surface permeation and solidification waterproof layer; (3) evenly smearing emulsified asphalt mortar with the initial extension reaching 260mm onto the concrete surface permeation and solidification waterproof layer, and controlling the thickness at 2-5mm to form an emulsified asphalt mortar protection waterproof leveling layer; (4) forming an asphalt concrete heat-insulating protection layer 2-6m in thickness on the surface of the non-solidified emulsified asphalt mortar protection waterproof leveling layer; (5) evenly spraying asphalt cement onto the surface of the asphalt concrete heat-insulating protection layer according to the consumption of 0.2-0.6kg/m<2> to form an asphalt cement waterproof anti-aging layer.