The invention discloses a method for controlling uneven settlement of overlying surrounding rock of caved goaf. The method comprises the following steps: determining roof caving height h1 according tostability of a direct roof rock layer; establishing the relationship between the goaf stoping height H and uneven settlement height H1 of the overlying surrounding rock on the basis of the roof caving height h1, and determining the blast hole depth h2 of an upward medium-length hole for inducing roof control; controlling blasting by caved roof and the upward medium-length hole to change the compensation gap of goaf in the overlying surrounding rock, and controlling uneven settlement height H1 of the overlying surrounding rock to be smaller than or equal to the distance H' between the to-be-protected overlying surrounding rock and the mining seam. According to the method, the relationship between the goaf mining height and the moving range of the overlying surrounding rock is established with special technologies of roof caving, roof control by the upward medium-length hole and supplementary filling, caving and the uneven settlement range of the overlying surrounding rock are effectively controlled, and upper seams which are not mined are not affected by lower mined seams.