The invention discloses an analysis system and method for a particle component based on a neutral atom imaging device. The system comprises a detector module, an amplifying circuit module, a comparison circuit module, a time-to-digital conversion circuit module, a FPGA control circuit module, and a host computer. The detector module is configured to generate a start signal and an end signal of a particle flight. The amplifying circuit module is configured to perform I-V conversion and amplification of a pulse amplitude on the start signal and the end signal. The comparison circuit module is configured to convert a signal level output by the amplifying circuit module into a required input signal level. The time-to-digital conversion circuit module is configured to measure the flight time ofthe particle according to the start signal and the end signal. The FPGA control circuit module is configured to implement basic configuration and communication of the time-to-digital conversion circuit module, and communicate with the host computer. The host computer is configured to calculate the mass of the particle according to the flight time of the particle and the energy of the particle, thereby analyzing the composition of the particle.