The invention provides an instrument equipment pose measuring and error compensating method based on label-free anchor point detection. The instrument equipment pose measuring and error compensating method based on label-free anchor point detection comprises the following steps: detecting out anchor points on an image by using a DeepLabCut deep neural network model which has been trained, and outputting X coordinates, Y coordinates and confidence coefficient of the anchor points in the image; in an initialization stage, calibrating camera parameters by using a calibrating plate, and measuringthe physical distance of the anchor points of the instrument, wherein the distances among all the anchor points, world coordinates thereof and anchor points jointly form an anchor point network topology; and detecting an anchor point set on a new image, calculating a rotary matrix and an offset vector at the moment according to the anchor point network topology, the world coordinates and the camera internal reference, and calculating camera coordinates of the anchor point. The integral pose of the instrument is the rotary matrix and the offset vector, and the camera coordinates of the anchor points are the positions of the anchor points in space.