The invention discloses an efficient sugarcane leaf peeling device. The efficient sugarcane leaf peeling device comprises a basic plate, wherein a sharpener is fixedly mounted at one end of the basicplate; a handle is fixedly mounted at the other end of the basic plate; a mounting block is fixedly mounted on the back surface of the sharpener; a supporting rod is fixedly mounted on one side of themounting block; and the supporting rod is slidably connected with a root cutting rod. The efficient sugarcane leaf peeling device is provided with a lower cross rod, an upper cross rod, an arc-shapedleaf peeling block, a lambdoidal friction block and an annular sliding knife, after a sugarcane is clamped by a lower clamping block and an upper clamping block, the device is driven to move on the surface of the sugarcane, while moving, leaves on the surface of the sugarcane are peeled by the annular sliding knife at first, then the force of friction between the device and the sugarcane is increased through the lambdoidal friction block, then in cooperation with the arc-shaped leaf peeling block, the leaves of the sugarcane are peeled, the sugarcane leaf peeling time can be shortened, the leaf peeling efficiency is high, a leaf peeling process is simple and effective, and an operator uses the efficient sugarcane leaf peeling device conveniently.