The invention relates to a gas cylinder thermal protection structure and a gas cylinder for a large plume influence of an attitude control engine. The thermal protection structure includes a flexibleheat protection layer and a multi-layer heat insulation assembly, wherein the multi-layer heat insulation assembly is coated on the surface of a cylindrical section of the gas cylinder, and the hemispherical surface at both ends of the gas cylinder and the surface of the multi-layer heat insulation assembly in the cylindrical section of the gas cylinder are covered with the flexible heat protection layer; and the multi-layer heat insulation assembly includes n reflecting layers, n-1 isolation layers and an outer cladding layer, wherein the n reflecting layers are alternately arranged with then-1 isolation layers, the innermost layer and the outermost layer are the reflecting layers, the reflecting layer of the innermost layer is in contact with the outer surface of the cylindrical sectionof the gas cylinder, the reflecting layer of the outermost layer is in contact with the outer cladding layer, the outer cladding layer is in contact with the flexible heat protection layer, and n isa positive integer and satisfies the following relational expression: n= k[rho]n[lambda]mli/hmli. The thermal protection structure of the invention ensures that the gas cylinder meets temperature control requirements, also ensures the design quality of a heat protection material, enables the weight to be effectively reduced, and enables the cost of a product to be saved.