The invention discloses a shield tunneling machine hob fixing and retaining device and a rapid installation method thereof. The device comprises a tensioning block, wedge blocks, an anti-loosening gasket and a locking ring. The tension block is fixedly connected to the bottom of a hob holder through a tensioning bolt, a threaded hole is formed in the bottom face of the hob holder, an opposite-pullhole is formed in the tensioning block, the head of the tensioning bolt is located below the bottom face of the tensioning block, and a rod body of the tensioning bolt penetrates through the opposite-pull hole and is connected to the threaded hole in a threaded mode. The wedge blocks are connected to two sides of the tensioning block. The anti-loosening gasket is padded between the head of the tensioning bolt and the bottom surface of the tensioning block. The locking ring is arranged on the head portion of the tensioning bolt in a sleeving mode and fixedly connected to the anti-loosening gasket. The invention provides an improved anti-loose gasket for a hob. The anti-loosening gasket successfully prevents the tensioning bolt from loosening, and compared with a traditional fastening modethat each fixing steel sheet used for fastening a bolt on an anti-loosening gasket is sequentially bent by 90 degrees to wrap the bolt, the hob fixing and retaining device is high in assembling speedand low in workload, and the working efficiency is greatly improved.