The invention relates to an adaptive fault recognition method, an electronic device and a computer-readable storage medium. When the adaptive fault recognition method is applied to the case where onlyUAB, UBC, UCA, IA, IC and 3I0 are measured only when a distribution terminal is under VV wiring. The adaptive fault recognition method comprises the steps of S1, measuring transient electrical quantities of UAB, UB, UCA , IA, IC and 3I0 are measured at a line fault point; S2, judging whether a mutation quantity of IA or IC being greater than a first set value and with a mutation quantity of 3I0 greater than a second set value; S3, if judging results of S2 are no, determining zero fault, and cycling before ending; S4, if the judging results of S2 are yes, carrying out the step S5; S5, judgingwhether 3I0 is greater than a third set value; S6, if the judging results of S5 are no and all UAB, UBC and UCA are less than 0.2 UN, determining that an ABC three-phase short circuit fault. The adaptive fault recognition method has the advantages that intelligent level of fault recognition is increased, the requirements of a current complex system are met, and reliability of an automated power distribution system and civil power supply quality are improved.