The invention belongs to the field of microbial electrochemistry and biosensing, and more particularly to a method for improving the electricity generation and sensing performance of a microbial fuelcell. In a low-temperature environment, the anode biological film of the microbial fuel cell is domesticated, and the microbial fuel cell sensor with successful low-temperature domestication can be obtained after the microbial fuel cell output voltage is stable. The anode of the microbial fuel cell sensor having the specific structure obtained by low-temperature domestication generate an electro-bacteria community, and enhances the power generation capacity and the sensing performance of the microbial fuel cell sensor. The method for regulating the biome structure of the microbial fuel cell bythe low-temperature domestication has the electricity production performance increased by 12.5%-75% and the sensing sensitivity increased by about 2-3 times compared with a fuel cell activated at room temperature.