The invention discloses an aerial target spectrum measurement method for improving servo tracking instantaneity and precision, which comprises the following steps: scanning in a large field of view tosearch an aerial target, keeping a sighting telescope still when the aerial target is observed, and taking a current frame of infrared image as a first frame; obtaining a second frame to determine the type of the aerial target, and if the aerial target is a high-speed target, obtaining a subsequent frame to predict the intersection condition of the aerial target and the spectrum measurement center; converting the predicted intersection condition into a servo angle coordinate system to obtain an angular velocity vector of movement of the sighting telescope; enabling the sighting telescope to move according to an angular velocity vector at a specified moment in an angle presetting manner until an intersection frame is obtained, and then controlling the sighting telescope to move through a servo to enable a spectrum measurement center to align to a target; and if the target is not the high-speed target, the sighting telescope is controlled to move through a servo to align the spectrum measurement center with the target. According to the invention, real-time and accurate tracking and spectrum measurement of a high-speed target can be realized.