The invention discloses an embedded-hydraulic-cylinder-based wide-frequency excitation system for an acceleration environment. The system comprises a mounting platform, a dynamic excitation cylinder,a low-frequency excitation platform, an embedded cylinder, and a plurality of piezoelectric excitation units. A test piece is fixed on the top surface of the mounting platform. The low-frequency excitation platform is fixedly connected to the dynamic excitation cylinder. The cylinder body of the embedded cylinder forms a piston rod of the dynamic excitation cylinder; the piston rod of the embeddedcylinder is fixedly connected with the bottom surface of the mounting platform through the low-frequency excitation platform. The two ends of the plurality of piezoelectric excitation units are respectively connected with the low-frequency excitation platform and the mounting platform. According to the invention, on the basis of the combined connection structure of the piezoelectric excitation units, the dynamic excitation cylinder and the embedded cylinder, intermediate-frequency high-frequency vibration and low-frequency vibration can be performed simultaneously. The piston rod of the embedded cylinder is connected with the mounting platform directly and the output force of the embedded cylinder is controlled by the servo valve, thereby completing the balance of the centrifugal forces of the piezoelectric excitation units.