The invention discloses a TBM anchor drilling rig real-time online monitoring system based on a hydraulic system and a monitoring method. The TBM anchor drilling rig real-time online monitoring systemcomprises a signal acquisition module, wireless communication modules and a TBM upper computer; and the signal acquisition module comprises a pressure sensor I, a pressure sensor II and a flow sensor, wherein the pressure sensor I detects the oil pressure of a hydraulic pipe of a propulsion cylinder, the flow sensor detects the oil flow rate of the hydraulic pipe of the propulsion cylinder, the pressure sensor II detects the oil pressure in a hydraulic pipe of an impact cylinder, and the oil pressure and oil flow rate of the hydraulic pipe of the propulsion cylinder and the oil pressure in the hydraulic pipe of the impact cylinder are processed by signal processing modules and uploaded to the TBM upper computer through the wireless communication modules. The TBM anchor drilling rig real-time online monitoring system monitors the propulsion speeds and distance of the propulsion cylinder as well as the drilling speeds and pressure of a TBM anchor drilling rig in real time, real-time monitoring of a plurality of indicators can reduce the errors, and data communication with the TBM upper computer ensures the working state of the anchor drilling rig and surrounding rock related information in the TBM excavation process, and the problem that monitoring data in the prior art is unreliable is solved.