The invention discloses a wheat root cutting and layered fertilization machine facilitating line spacing adjustment. The wheat root cutting and layered fertilization machine comprises a rack, a traction support, adjusting devices, root cutting mechanisms, traveling racks, a fertilization mechanism and a hydraulic system, wherein at least two adjusting devices are sequentially arranged along a cross beam of the rack in a spaced manner. Each adjusting device comprises a sliding sleeve, a hydraulic cylinder and a shifting fork, the sliding sleeve is in sliding fit with the cross beam, the hydraulic cylinder is fixed on the cross beam, and a telescopic end of the hydraulic cylinder can drive the sliding sleeve to move. One root cutting mechanism is arranged on the front side of each sliding sleeve, and the back side of each root cutting mechanism is fixedly connected with the corresponding shifting fork. The traveling rack is located on the back side of the lower side of the rack, and travelling wheels having the number equal to that of the adjusting devices and are in one-to-one correspondence with the adjusting devices are arranged on the traveling rack. Each traveling wheel is in sliding fit with a mounting shaft arranged on the traveling rack through one sliding seat, and each shifting fork can drive the corresponding traveling wheel to move. The wheat root cutting and layeredfertilization machine has the characteristics that structural design is reasonable, the spacing is convenient to adjust, the root cutting and fertilization effects are improved, and the machine is high in automation degree, good in adaptability, high in working efficiency and the like.