The invention discloses a prefabricated assembly type column type inspection pit capable of adjusting the rail top elevation. The prefabricated assembly type column type inspection pit comprises a factory prefabricated part hollow upper short column, a U-shaped bottom plate, a lower short column and an antiskid convex falcon, and the U-shaped bottom plate, the lower short column and the antiskid convex falcon are fabricated into a whole in a casting mode in a factory. A lower sleeve steel plate is pre-embedded in the top of the lower short column. A middle sleeve steel plate is pre-embedded inthe bottom of the hollow upper short column. An upper sleeve steel plate is pre-embedded in the top of the hollow upper short column. A mirror screw thread adjusting-high screw is screwed in the space between the lower sleeve steel plate and the middle sleeve steel plate. A rail and a rail connector are installed in a sleeve of the upper sleeve steel plate. The prefabricated assembly type columntype inspection pit has the beneficial effects that field humidifying operation is avoided effectively due to part prefabrication, the prefabricated parts are simple and fast to assemble, the construction period is shortened, and project quality is improved; the screwed-in degree of the mirror screw thread adjusting-high screw is adjusted, thus the rail top elevation is controlled, and the rail top elevation can be adjusted both in the construction period and after construction is completed; and the operation is simple and effective, the work content of large-range foundation treatment is canceled, construction procedures are reduced, and project cost is lowered.