The embodiment of the invention provides a train axle management method based on the remaining service life. The method comprises: obtaining the remaining service life of each axle in axles of a trainto be subjected to part replacement; determining a plurality of second to-be-selected installation schemes of the wheel axle suitable for the to-be-replaced train on the train; calculating the same part service life difference between the highest remaining service life and the lowest remaining service life of the wheel shaft in each scheme in the plurality of second to-be-selected installation schemes; and setting the second to-be-selected installation scheme with the minimum service life difference of the same parts as a secondary installation scheme. The train can install and configure theaxles according to the set secondary installation scheme, so that the remaining service lives of all the axles are minimum, and the maintenance cost can be reduced when maintenance and axle replacement are reduced.