The invention provides a new process for optimizing grain boundary characteristic distribution of a GH3030 alloy by utilizing a pulse current treatment technology. The new process includes the following steps that (1) a solid solution strengthened type nickel-based high temperature alloy GH3030 is pretreated, that is, after solid solution treatment, cold rolling deformation is performed; and (2) pulse current treatment is performed on the GH3030 alloy in the cold rolling state. Compared with a conventional heat treatment process, the pulse current treatment technology adopted by the new process has the lots of beneficial effects of being high in heating efficiency, clean, low in energy consumption, capable of being accurately designed and controlled, easy to operate and the like; pulse current treatment can fast increase the proportion of a low sigma CSL grain boundary in the GH3030 alloy in the cold rolling state under a low temperature, and efficient optimization of grain boundary characteristic distribution can be achieved at low energy consumption; and compared with an existing grain boundary engineering technology, the beneficial effects of being low in energy consumption, high in efficiency, clean, short in technological process and the like are achieved.