The invention discloses a puncture device having a positioning adjustment structure for chemotherapy. The technical solution is as follows: the device comprises an adsorption seat, the adsorption seatis equipped with a pressing mechanism, and through the pressing mechanism, negative pressure can be generated in the adsorption seat to realize adsorption; and a rotary positioning mechanism for positioning the puncture needle is installed on the adsorption seat, the rotary positioning mechanism is provided with a movable extrusion mechanism, and the movable extrusion mechanism presses or loosensthe puncture needle to adjust the infusion speed. The device provided by the invention solves the problems that a puncture needle cannot be effectively positioned and an infusion speed is not easilyadjusted in the prior art, can be stably adsorbed on skin of a patient and position a puncture needle, and facilitates stable insertion of the puncture needle into an infusion port; and the device canconveniently adjust the infusion speed to make the infusion speed be within a tolerance range of the patient.