The invention relates to the field of electric power transformer substations, in particular to a transformer substation cable trench inspection robot based on temperature self-adaptive control. The inspection robot is characterized in that an electric-driven all-terrain caterpillar band and an anti-collision waterproof shell are arranged on a rack; a 180-degree rotary cradle head is arranged at the front end of the rack, and a high-definition infrared night vision camera is arranged on the rack, and a light supplementing lamp is arranged at the front end of the rack; a control part comprises apower supply module, a control and acquisition module and a wireless communication module; a power supply module is composed of a high-performance rechargeable battery and a closed cabin; the controland acquisition module comprises a microprocessor and a plurality of sensors connected with the microprocessor; and a vehicle body moves through the wireless remote control, and the microprocessor transmits collected data to a monitoring background through wireless network so as to realize the detection of a cable trench. The real-time visual inspection of defects such as surface damage, overheating and aging of a cable is realized through a machine vision technology, so that the transformer substation cable trench is subjected to periodic machine automatic inspection, the manual inspection is replaced, the inspection efficiency and quality are improved, and the safe and stable operation of a power grid is effectively guaranteed.