The invention discloses a lithium battery temperature control system and method based on fuzzy model predictive control. A temperature sampling module is installed on the surface of the lithium battery, a current sampling module is connected with the output of the lithium battery and is connected to the temperature control module through the SOC estimation module, and the temperature control module is connected to the heat dissipation module; the temperature sampling module collects the battery surface temperature of the lithium battery; the current sampling module collects the output currentof the lithium battery; the SOC estimation module receives the lithium battery output current collected by the current sampling module, processes and estimates the lithium battery output current to obtain the SOC value of the battery, and sends the surface temperature, the SOC value and the output current of the battery to the temperature control module; the temperature control module controls theheat dissipation module to dissipate heat according to the temperature increase characteristic of the lithium battery during discharging. The temperature rise rate of the lithium battery can be reduced, the energy consumption of the lithium battery for heat dissipation can be reduced, the service life of the lithium battery is prolonged, and the cruising ability of the lithium battery is improved.