The application discloses a seismic quality factor determination method, device and equipment and a medium. The method comprises the steps of: acquiring prestack seismic data, and determining inclination angle fields and time-frequency amplitude spectrums of the prestack seismic data; mapping the time-frequency amplitude spectrums into target time-frequency amplitude spectrums by utilizing a prediction mapping technology; extracting amplitude spectrums from the target time-frequency amplitude spectrums which meet preset conditions so as to obtain target amplitude spectrums; and respectively establishing a quality factor Q value inversion target function corresponding to each seismic horizon by utilizing the inclination angle field and multiple groups of target amplitude spectrum pairs, which correspond to each seismic horizon, so as to determine quality factor Q values of all the seismic horizons of the prestack seismic data. Therefore, according to the application, a seismic quality factor of the prestack seismic data is determined by utilizing the inclination angle fields and the target amplitude spectrums of the prestack seismic data, the seismic quality factor of the prestack seismic data, which is high in accuracy, can be acquired in a case of not acquiring speed information, and the seismic quality factor determination method, device and equipment and the medium have highrobustness for noise.