The invention provides a tailings dehydration performance detection device based on a rheometer and a use method of the detection device, and belongs to the technical field of paste filling tailings concentration. The device comprises a computer, a connecting line, the rheometer, a transmission shaft, a connecting device, a water guide rod, a cylindrical material containing barrel and an experimental material, wherein one end of the transmission shaft is connected with the rheometer, the other end of the transmission shaft is connected with the water guide rod; the transmission shaft and the water guide rod are connected by the connecting device; the transmission shaft, the connecting device and the water guide rod jointly form a dehydration rake frame, wherein the dehydration rake frame is placed in the cylindrical material containing barrel; the experimental material is arranged in the cylindrical material containing barrel; and the rheometer is connected with the computer through the connecting line. The device is simple in processing, relatively low in manufacturing cost, and simple to operate and high in intelligence; and the enterprises, colleges and research institutes withthe rheometer can perform quick implementation, and the monitoring indexes are comprehensive and efficient. Theoretical research and technical support can be provided for various mine enterprises forproducing tailings, such as colored, black, noble metals, rare metals, gold and the like.