The invention discloses a sugarcane harvesting, underlying tillage and fertilization integrated machine. A plurality of inner side centralizing assemblies, inner side conveying assemblies and horizontal conveying assemblies are arranged on a header, and by the structural arrangement, after upright and lodged sugarcanes are centralized and collected, stems and leaves at tips of the sugarcanes are chopped in front of a leaf stripping module through a top-end cutting assembly, the sugarcane stems are sent into the leaf stripping module by the aid of conveying belts, and the sugarcanes subjected to leaf stripping through the leaf stripping module are thrown to a binding platform under the driving action of a conveying module. Therefore, sugarcane harvesting, leaf stripping, collection and binding can be realized. An underlying tillage module is arranged on the tail portion of equipment and provided with underlying tillage ploughs and a rotary tillage module, rotary tillage among ridges isrealized under the action of the rotary tillage module, and by the underlying tillage ploughs in V-shaped structures, underlying tillage at bottoms of sugarcane root systems is realized. In addition,by the sugarcane harvesting, underlying tillage and fertilization integrated machine, underlying tillage and fertilization after rotary tillage can be realized.