The invention provides a multi-stage fluidized bed reactor and a reaction circulation system for one-step synthesis of aromatic hydrocarbons from synthesis gas. The fluidized bed reactor comprises a fluidized bed reactor body, at least one internal member with a conical structure shell, a tube-type and plate-type coupling distributor, a first heat exchanger and a cyclone separator; wherein at least one internal member having a conical structure shell is fixed in the chamber of the fluidized bed reactor body, the conical end of the conical structure shell is closed and upward, and the bottom end corresponding to the conical end is provided with an opening to divide the chamber of the fluidized bed reactor body into upper and lower reaction zones; the tube-type and plate-type coupling distributor is arranged at the bottom of the chamber of the fluidized bed reactor body and located in the projection area of the bottom surface of the conical structure shell; a first heat exchanger arranged above and below the inner member respectively; the cyclone separator is arranged at the top of the fluidized bed reactor body. The scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention can inhibit slugging.