The invention relates to a pneumatic anchor cable booster suitable for mine roadway full anchor shoring. The booster comprises an anchor cable air cylinder boosting body, a connecting main body mounted on the top of the anchor cable air cylinder boosting body and an anchor cable clamping clamp mounted on the upper surface of the connecting main body. The center of the anchor cable clamping clamp is provided with a clamping hole allowing an anchor cable to penetrate through, the anchor cable clamping clamp is used for clamping to fix or loosen the anchor cable, and the connecting main body is provided with an anchor cable avoiding hole matched with the anchor cable clamping clamp. The invention further provides a construction method of the pneumatic anchor cable booster suitable for mine roadway full anchor shoring. The booster and the construction method thereof have the beneficial effects that an underground head-on construction site environment suitable for the mine is provided, operation is easy, moving is easy, the safe anchor cable booster is ensured, the booster uses the air pressure of the underground air pressure pipeline, an occlusion device is driven to fix the anchor cable, meanwhile, thrust generated by an air cylinder is used for overcoming resistance of an anchoring agent, and the anchor cable enters a drill hole.