The invention discloses a device and a method for artificially exciting controllable shock wave based on an energy storage spring, suitable for a coal face of a coal mine and inside of neighboring roadways thereof. An artificially excited seismic wave encounters coal rock layers of different density when spreading towards the opposite roadway or neighboring roadways, wave velocity of the seismic wave is going to change, and seismic wave signals received at different sites through a seismic pick-up sensor is related to seismic focus characteristics, position and properties and structures of thecoal rock layers which the seismic wave passes through. By processing and analyzing the seismic wave, speed change of the coal (rock) layer can be deduced, and a coal (rock) layer stress distributionrule can be obtained. Such method of performing wave velocity measurement and inversion of stress distribution through known seismic focus position and origin time of earthquake is named as an activeinversion method, and generally, inversion precision is as high as not more than five meters. The method of artificially exiting controllable seismic wave has high applicability in the mine, is simple and easy to operate, can safely and effectively realize the effect of active inversion, and consequently can deduce coal (rock) layer properties, structure and a stress field distribution rule.