The invention discloses a method for high-throughput preparation and high-throughput characterization of molybdenum alloys with different components. The method comprises the following steps: industrially preparing the molybdenum alloys with different components in a high-throughput manner, taking molybdenum powder, lanthanum nitrate, cerium nitrate or a solution prepared from lanthanum nitrate and cerium nitrate according to a component gradient, carrying out liquid-solid doping, and drying, grinding and sieving the dopant to obtain doped powder; sealing the doped powder into a rubber sleevein a layered manner according to the component gradient, tamping, and then carrying out isostatic pressing, sintering and forging to obtain a bar; carrying out high-throughput characterization of theperformance of the molybdenum alloys with different components, averagely cutting the molybdenum alloy bar along a component transition area and a pure area, and carrying out stress relief annealing to obtain a sample; carrying out point marking, hardness and component testing on the sample in the transition area to obtain hardness-component data; and carrying out tensile mechanical property testing on the sample in the pure area to obtain stress-strain data of the molybdenum alloys with different doping amounts. The method provides a large amount of data for machine learning.