The invention discloses an experimental device and method for simulating water curtain water seal effects under different engineering geological conditions. The experimental device comprises a geological layer model, a water supply device and a data acquisition device. The geologic layer model includes a water tank; a cavern and an underground water simulation device are arranged at the bottom inthe water tank; and the water tank is filled with a simulated geologic layer material, wherein the geologic layer material and a simulated object material meet similar conditions. The underground water simulation device includes a water curtain pipeline arranged around the cavern; a water permeable holes are formed in the water curtain pipeline; a water curtain pipeline water inlet is communicatedwith a water supply device; a waterproof layer and a drainage structure are arranged at the bottom of a valve cavity arranged between the water supply device and the water curtain pipeline inlet; anda flow meter is arranged at the outlet of the drainage structure. A distributed fiber sensor, a stress and strain sensor and the flow meter are connected with a data acquisition center. According tothe invention, simulated data close to the reality are provided for analyzing the water curtain water seal effects under different engineering geological conditions and thus a reference design is provided for the engineering.