The utility model provides a rapid construction supporting system for a deep coal mine roadway with weak and broken surrounding rock. The rapid construction supporting system comprises a concrete levelingcourse, grid arch trusses, anchor rods, a first reinforcing mesh layer, a second reinforcing mesh layer, a re-sprayed concrete layer and prestress grouting anchor cables, wherein the concrete leveling course is formed by wetting concrete on the roadway surrounding rock; the grid arch trusses are attached tightly to the concrete leveling course and arranged at preset intervals; the anchor rods are mounted on the grid arch trusses in a drilling manner; the grid arch trusses are connected through longitudinal joint ribs; the first reinforcing mesh layer and the second reinforcing mesh layer are laid along the roadway; the grid arch trusses are completely covered with the re-sprayed concrete layer; and the prestress grouting anchor cables are constructed on the grid arch trusses and used for supporting the surrounding rock. The rapid construction supporting system can support the weak and broken surrounding rock rapidly and effectively, and can reduce material waste and adverse impact on the environment to the utmost extent in a construction process.