The utility model provides a subway rail structure with a large adjustment quantity. The subway rail structure with the large adjustment quantity comprises an adjustable frame plate and rail fasteners. The adjustable frame plate is composed of two prestress longitudinal sleepers, two transverse connecting beams at the two ends of the prestress longitudinal sleepers, a resilient sleeper-bearing plate, a heightening bearing plate and a concrete block, wherein the resilient sleeper-bearing plate, the heightening bearing plate and the concrete block are arranged at intervals below the longitudinal sleepers. Each rail fastener comprises a B-shaped elastic strip, an iron base plate and the like, wherein the B-shaped elastic strip is arranged at the bottom of a rail in a pressing mode, the iron base plate is arranged below the rail, and the two ends of the iron base plate are provided with spike holes which screw spikes penetrate through; the distance from the spike hole in one end to the central line of the rail is 64 mm larger than the distance from the spike hole in the other end to the central line of the rail. The subway rail structure with the large adjustment quantity has the advantages that the adjustable frame plate and the fasteners are adopted, and the requirements of a subway for the maximum staggered height adjustment quantity of 500 mm and the maximum horizontal displacement adjustment quantity of 110 mm are met.