The utility model discloses a shield tunneling machine hybrid communication system based on an optical fiber network. The system comprises a PLC master station, a communication-to-optical fiber moduleI, a communication-to-optical fiber module II and at least two slave stations. The optical fiber transceiver of the PLC master station communicates with the communication-to-optical fiber module I through a bus, the communication-to-optical fiber module I communicates with the communication-to-optical fiber module II through an optical fiber, and the communication-to-optical fiber module II communicates with the optical fiber transceiver of the slave station through a bus. The communication-to-optical fiber modules II of the slave stations communicate with each other through optical fibers, and the optical fiber transceiver of only one slave station communicates with the optical fiber transceiver of the PLC master station through the communication-to-optical fiber module II and the communication-to-optical fiber module I of optical fiber communication. According to the utility model, communication signals are converted into optical signals through the communication-to-optical fiber module, the anti-interference performance is good, the interference of ionospheric changes in the nature is avoided, the interference of industrial electrical appliances such as electrified wires and high-voltage equipment is avoided, the communication fault probability is small, the signals are more stable, the communication capacity is increased, the loss is lower, and the communication distance is increased.